Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family. It is primarily produced by macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, and plays critical roles in inflammation, immune responses, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Both IL-1α and IL-1β bind to the same receptor and share similar but not identical biological properties. Mature human IL-1β shows 96% amino acid sequence homology with rhesus monkey IL-1β and 67%-78% identity with canine, mouse, and rat IL-1β.

Biological Functions of IL-1β

1) Pro-inflammatory activity: Induces the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-3, IL-6) and interferons (e.g., IFN-γ) in various immune and non-immune cells.

2) Immunomodulation: Enhances the phagocytic and cytotoxic activities of macrophages and neutrophils, promotes dendritic cell maturation, and strengthens antigen presentation.

3) Pro-apoptotic activity: Induces apoptosis in certain cell types (e.g., pancreatic β cells) via caspase-3 activation.

4) Pro-proliferative activity: Promotes cancer cell survival within the tumor microenvironment (e.g., via the NF-κB pathway).

Applications of Recombinant IL-1β in Cell Culture

1) Promoting the in vitro maturation of immature dendritic cells (iDCs).

2) Directing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into osteoblasts.

3) Promoting megakaryocyte generation from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs).

4) Stimulating Th17 cell differentiation in synergy with cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-6.

Product Properties

Features

Recombinant human IL-1β expressed in E. coli and supplied as a liquid, with high activity, high purity, and low endotoxin.

Applications

SDS-PAGE

 Figure 1. Human IL-1β on SDS-PAGE under reduced condition. The purity is greater than 95%.

SEC-HPLC

Figure 2. The purity of Human IL-1β is greater than 95% as determined by SEC-HPLC.

Biological Activity

Figure 3. The ED50 as determined by a cell proliferation assay using D10.G4.1 is less than 20 pg/mL. The specific activity of Human IL-1beta GMP Protein is >5.0 × 10^7 IU/mg, which is calibrated against the Interleukin-1 beta WHO International Standard (NIBSC code: 86/680).

Storage

Store at -85 to -65°C, valid for 2 years.